[113], The government has made an effort to reduce the tension by proposing the inter-religion cooperation plan. Religion was a census variable in the 1961, 1971, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010 census and in various intercensal surveys. The same pattern occurs on Bali and in northern Sumatra, where the rich soils are directly related to flows from volcanic eruptions. The most important Buddhist religious event in Indonesia is Vesak (Indonesian: Waisak). [7] As a result, founder of Perbuddhi (Indonesian Buddhists Organisation), Bhikku Ashin Jinarakkhita, proposed that there was a single supreme deity, Sanghyang Adi Buddha. La storia del Buddhismo in Indonesia è strettamente correlata alla storia dell'Induismo, così come un certo numero di imperi basati sulla cultura buddista sono stati stabiliti intorno al medesimo periodo. [34] While this period of religious conflict and inter-Sultanate warfare was unfolding, and new power centres were attempting to consolidate regions under their control, European powers arrived. Totals and lefthand column per year are in millions of persons. Di conseguenza ad ogni cittadino indonesiano è stato richiesto di portare impressa sulla propria carta di identificazione anche l'indicazione delle personale religione professata; una tale politica ha provocato una massa di conversioni religiose, soprattutto per quanto concerne il cristianesimo[19]; la stessa situazione è accaduta con gli indonesiani delle etnie cinesi, che per lo più erano confuciani, ma siccome il confucianesimo non era allora una delle religioni di stato riconosciute molti di questi hanno finito con il convertirsi al cristianesimo[19]. [115] On the issue of the Ahmadiyya , Indonesia has failed to act and uphold their human rights. SOURCES: Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World Vol. After that for 450 years, there is no significant Buddhist adherence and practice in Indonesia. The Indonesian archipelago has witnessed the rise and fall of powerful Buddhist empires such as Sailendra dynasty, Srivijaya and Mataram Empires. [2] The practitioners mostly live in West Kalimantan, Papua and East Nusa Tenggara. This period also saw Islam-influenced kingdoms established, namely Demak, Pajang, Mataram and Banten. During the New Order era, the state ideology of Pancasila listed Buddhism among the five official religions of Indonesia. sfnm error: no target: CITEREFEnsiklopedi_Kepercayaan2010 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAritonang;_Steenbrink2008 (, The 1990 census recorded 87.21% Muslims, 6.04% Protestants, 3.58% Catholics, 1.83% Hindus, 1.03% Buddhists and 0.31% as "Others". With the growth of a more religion-conscious middle class, especially since the late 20th century, the abangan way of believing has been in retreat, while more-orthodox Muslim practices have been on the rise. There are now Subud groups in about 83 countries, with a worldwide membership of about 10.000. Indonesia", "The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia", "The Decolonization of Adat Communities: Notes from PGI's 2018 Seminar on Religions", "Government to recognise minority faiths", "Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set, "Raja Lorenzo II: A Catholic kingdom in the Dutch East Indies", "Good Friday in Flores: secrets, stamina and spiritual devotion", Indonesia International Religious Freedom Report 2005, "In Sliver of Indonesia, Public Embrace of Judaism", "USCIRF Annual Report 2016 — Tier 2 countries — Indonesia", "Agama Baha'i Bukan Sekte Dalam Islam [Bahá'í Faith is not Islam Sect]", "Welcoming Baha'i: New official religion in Indonesia", "Row over Indonesia atheist Facebook post", "Indonesian Atheist Jailed for Prophet Mohammed Cartoons", "Indonesia's atheists face battle for religious freedom", "Transcript of Joint Press Conference Indonesian Foreign Minister, Hassan Wirajuda, with Australian Foreign Minister, Alexander Downer", "Business interests blamed for church rows", "Indonesian mayor seeks to ban church construction", "Indonesia bans Islamist group Hizbut Tahrir", "BIN: Ada Tempat Ibadah, Pesantren, dan Rumah Singgah Terpapar Radikalisme", "Selain 41 Masjid, BIN Pastikan Ada 50 Ustad Terpapar Radikalisme", "Special Census Topic 2000 Round (1995–2004)", "Indonesian Census 2000: Tables and Reports for AusAID Explanatory Notes", "Islamic Puritanism Movements in Indonesia as Transnational Movements", "The Ahmadiyya and the Study of Comparative Religion in Indonesia: Controversies and Influences", "The Salafi Movement in Indonesia: Transnational Dynamics and Local Development", "Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate", "Sufism and the Indonesian Islamic Revival", "Cyberspace and Sectarianism in Indonesia: The Rise of Shia Media and Anti-Shia Online Movements", Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya, "Present Situation of Indonesian Buddhism: In Memory of Bhikkhu Ashin Jinarakkhita Mahasthavira", "Transformations of a Religious Community: The Shattariyya Sufi Brotherhood in Aceh", "The Ambiguities of Religious Freedom in Indonesia", "Translating Traditions and Transcendence: Popularised Religiosity and the, "Buddhism and Confucianism in Contemporary Indonesia: Recent Developments", "The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Indonesia&oldid=979412926, Articles containing Indonesian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 20 September 2020, at 16:16. Nel censimento del 2010 l'87,18% della popolazione si è dichiarata musulmana (sunnita per oltre il 99%[9], seguaci dello sciismo per lo 0,5%[10], ahmadiyya per lo 0,2%[11]), il 6,96% protestanti, il 2,91% cattolici, lo 1,69% induisti, buddhisti per lo 0,72%, confuciani per lo 0,05%, mentre lo 0,13% aveva altre fedi ed infine lo 0,38% ha rifiutato di dichiarare la propria appartenenza[12]. [102], The most famous of the new religious movements in Indonesia are Theosophical Society,[103] Transcendental Meditation movement,[104] Falun Gong,[7] and originated in Indonesia Subud[105] and Eden community (Jamaah Alamulla). [100], Apart from the orthodox, Sikhism in Indonesia represented the Sikh reformist movement Radha Soami Satsang Beas (RSSB). The history of Buddhism in Indonesia is closely related to that of Hinduism, as some empires based on Buddhist culture were established around the same period. There are approximately 400,000 Ahmadi Muslims in the country, which equates to 0.2% of the total Muslim population. (1993). The Batak villages around Lake Toba in northern Sumatra, the Minangkabau villages in western Sumatra, and the Toraja villages in southern Celebes all have their characteristic structures and building styles as well. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. During this era of decline, there was only small numbers of people practicing Buddhism, most of them are Chinese immigrants that settled in Indonesia with migration wave accelerated in the 17th century. Moreover, Roman Catholic priests were sent to prisons or punished and replaced by Protestant clergy from the Netherlands. [6] Consequently, atheists in Indonesia experience official discrimination in the context of registration of births and marriages and the issuance of identity cards. On 27 January 1979, a presidential cabinet meeting decided that Confucianism is not a religion. Anche quello dei Batak (popolo) abitanti nella Sumatra Settentrionale rappresentano un altro dei principali gruppi protestanti del paese; qui il cristianesimo vi è stato portato originariamente dal missionario tedesco Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen, noto come apostolo delle persone Batak: egli ha dato il via alla "Huria Kristen Batak Protestan (HKBP)". [50], The Council of Churches in Indonesia (CCI) is the sole umbrella for most Protestant churches. According to some Chinese source, a Chinese Buddhist monk I-tsing on his pilgrim journey to India, witnessed the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya based on Sumatra in the 7th century. The rural mode of life is controlled by the growing season and by the productivity of the land. The major religions of Indonesia were all introduced on the coast and, except in such open areas as Java and southern Sumatra (which were free of natural impediments), penetrated slowly inland. "», ‘God Does Not Exist’ Comment Ends Badly for Indonesia Man. [9], The oldest extant esoteric Buddhist Mantranaya (largely a synonym of Mantrayana, Vajrayana and Buddhist Tantra) literature in Old Javanese, a language significantly influenced by Sanskrit, is enshrined in the Sang Kyang Kamahayanan Mantranaya. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Add NationMaster content to your website. Nel 1971, sono stati registrati tre gruppi di cristiani: cattolici, protestanti e altro. This practice was applied in many places, including the national registration card, marriage registration, and family registration card. Media in category "Religion in Indonesia" The following 200 files are in this category, out of 244 total. "Muslim Population by Country" . Some lived in Semarang and Surabaya. In many cases, some of the followers of these native beliefs might convert to Christianity or Islam, at least registered as such on their KTP while still upholding and performing their native beliefs. Storicamente l'immigrazione proveniente da India, Cina, Portogallo, penisola araba e dai Paesi Bassi si è rivelato un importante contributo alla diversità di religione e di cultura interna[14]; tuttavia tali aspetti sono col tempo mutati, soprattutto da quando sono state apportate alcune modifiche per soddisfare specificamente la cultura indonesiana. In most places, you can talk to the locals and dig stories of gods, spirits, royals, or hermits that contribute to the forming of a particular spot like natural features, temples, or other cultural landmarks. In addition, the religion focuses more on art and ritual rather than scriptures, laws and beliefs. In 1971, three groups of Christians were recorded: Catholic, Protestant and other. However, the figures are likely higher, since practitioners of Confucianism and Taoism, the latter of which is not considered an official religion, referred to themselves as Buddhists on the census. [119] The Joko Widodo administration responded by banning the Indonesian chapter of Hizb ut-Tahrir. One Roman Catholic priest was executed for celebrating Mass in prison during Jan Pieterszoon Coen's tenure as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. Several Muslim parties formed with Sharia as their ideology and the Crescent Star Party (PBB) came in sixth place in the 1999 elections. Per quanto riguarda le religioni in Indonesia lo Stato si professa costituzionalmente laico, mentre il principio fondamentale filosofico di Pancasila è quello che afferma la fede in un solo ed unico Dio (il monoteismo). Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion.», Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Theology and Religion (PHILTAR), Progress in Oceanography of the Indonesian Seas: A Historical Perspective, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia. However, the constitution only recognizes Muslims, Protestants, Catholics, Buddhists, Confucianists and Hindu believers. [2] The history of Buddhism in Indonesia is closely related to the history of Hinduism, as a number of empires influenced by Indian culture were established around the same period. [54], Catholicism arrived in the archipelago during the Portuguese arrival with spice-trading over the 14th and 15th century. Vesak also is often celebrated in Sewu temple and numerous Buddhist temples in Indonesia. I poemi epici religiosi indù, il Mahābhārata e il Rāmāyaṇa, vengono espressi in maniera univoca nel teatro danzante di Wayang Kulit. (2004). Because Confucianism was not one of the state-recognised religions, many converted to Christianity. [38] the orders of Sufism are considered essential. We need money to operate the site, and almost all of it comes from our online advertising. A number of Buddhist historical heritages can be found in Indonesia, including the 8th century Borobudur mandala monument and Sewu temple in Central Java, Batujaya in West Java, Muaro Jambi, Muara Takus and Bahal temple in Sumatra, and numerous of statues or inscriptions from the earlier history of Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms. He was also backed up with the history behind the Indonesian version of Buddhism in ancient Javanese texts, and the shape of the Borobudur Temple. Even in modern settings like the office workplace and modern communities, you’ll see the inclusiveness and friendliness of Indonesians. [79][78] Therefore, the status of Confucianism during the New Order regime was never clear. Citizens in western Indonesia are mostly Muslims with Christians a small minority, while in eastern regions, the Christian populations are similar in size or larger than the Muslim population. [46], There is, however, indications that religious conflicts regarding the building of places of worships have more to do with business interest than in religious issues. All practitioners of Agama Hindu Dharma share many common beliefs, mostly the Five Points of Philosophy, the Panca Srada. Goats, chickens, banana and papaya trees, and a host of small children are characteristic of village life. The basis of Subud is a spiritual exercise commonly referred to as the latihan kejiwaan, which was said by Muhammad Subuh to be guidance from "the Power of God" or "the Great Life Force". 31 December 2004. In 1934, Narada Thera, a missionary monk from Sri Lanka, visited Dutch East Indies (today Indonesia) for the first time as part of his journey to spread the Dharma in Southeast Asia. See: «approximately 400,000 persons who subscribe to the Ahmadiyya». Before 1945, there were about 2.000 Dutch Jews in Indonesia.