La plus célèbre est conservée au Musée de l'Ermitage à Saint-Pétersbourg. was zij net 18 jaar oud. [284][280][269] In a show of loyalty to Rome, Octavian decided to begin construction of his own mausoleum at the Campus Martius. [75][76] Crassus replaced him as governor of Syria and extended his provincial command to Egypt, but he was killed by the Parthians at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC. [258], In an event held at the gymnasium soon after the triumph, Cleopatra dressed as Isis and declared that she was the Queen of Kings with her son Caesarion, King of Kings, while Alexander Helios was declared king of Armenia, Media, and Parthia, and two-year-old Ptolemy Philadelphos was declared king of Syria and Cilicia. [188][189][190] However, Caesar's will named his grandnephew Octavian as the primary heir, and Octavian arrived in Italy around the same time Cleopatra decided to depart for Egypt. A. Viaud-Grand-Marais, « Étude sur la mort de Cléopâtre ». Si Césarion est exécuté sur ordre d'Octave, les trois autres enfants d'Antoine et Cléopâtre sont emmenés à Rome (ils sont exposés lors du triomphe d'Octave) et élevés par Octavie, restée fidèle à la mémoire de son époux, Marc Antoine. Cette version est la plus courante[52]. [3] Een alternatieve theorie zegt dat ze werd vermoord door Octavianus, in plaats van zelfmoord, maar deze theorie wordt niet gestaafd door de bronnen. [1][417] The woman in this portrait has facial features similar to others (including the pronounced aquiline nose), but lacks a royal diadem and sports a different hairstyle. Hij riep Cleopatra bij zich in Tarsus om haar loyaliteit te testen. [97], By 29 August 51 BC, official documents started listing Cleopatra as the sole ruler, evidence that she had rejected her brother Ptolemy XIII as a co-ruler. [440][441] The vase would thus have been created no earlier than 35 BC, when Antony sent his wife Octavia back to Italy and stayed with Cleopatra in Alexandria. J.-C., désigne comme successeurs Cléopâtre et un frère cadet de celle-ci, Ptolémée XIII, d'une dizaine d'années environ, à qui elle est nominalement mariée car selon la coutume ptolémaïque, elle ne peut régner seule[20]. [494][note 83] Duane W. Roller speculates that Cleopatra could have been the daughter of a theoretical half-Macedonian-Greek, half-Egyptian woman from Memphis in northern Egypt belonging to a family of priests dedicated to Ptah (a hypothesis not generally accepted in scholarship),[note 84] but contends that whatever Cleopatra's ancestry, she valued her Greek Ptolemaic heritage the most. [2] Surviving works include statues, busts, reliefs, and minted coins,[2][373] as well as ancient carved cameos,[399] such as one depicting Cleopatra and Antony in Hellenistic style, now in the Altes Museum, Berlin. [85][84][86][note 24] On 31 May 52 BC Cleopatra was made a regent of Ptolemy XII as indicated by an inscription in the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. [7] The masculine form would have been written either as Kleópatros (Κλεόπᾰτρος) or Pátroklos (Πᾰ́τροκλος). Sa défaite va permettre aux Romains de mener à bien la conquête de l’Égypte, événement qui marquera la fin de l'époque hellénistique. [342][343][note 7] In 27 January BC Octavian was renamed Augustus ("the revered") and amassed constitutional powers that established him as the first Roman emperor, inaugurating the Principate era of the Roman Empire. [427], Other possible sculpted depictions of Cleopatra include one in the British Museum, London, made of limestone, which perhaps only depicts a woman in her entourage during her trip to Rome. Cléopâtre en tire un bénéfice immédiat puisqu'elle se voit confirmer la possession de Chypre, qui est en fait effective depuis -44, mais aussi de villes de la côte syrienne, du royaume de Chalcis, au Liban actuel, et de la côte cilicienne. Deze hoopt met de onthoofding van Pompeius bij diens politieke teg… Their daughter, Cleopatra Selene, became an important ruler in her own right, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra&oldid=980358935, Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Koinē Greek-language text, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing Italian-language text, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TePapa identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 September 2020, at 02:50. [5][90][91][note 26] Cleopatra faced several pressing issues and emergencies shortly after taking the throne. Joseph Mélèze Modrzejewsky, « La dernière chance des Juifs d'Égypte ». [404][429] The commission of the painting most likely coincides with the erection of the Temple of Venus Genetrix in the Forum of Caesar in September 46 BC, where Caesar had a gilded statue erected depicting Cleopatra. Voor of net na haar terugkeer naar Egypte stierf Ptolemaeus XIV. Les monnaies de Cléopâtre appartiennent à l'iconographie grecque. Plus tard Césarion est proclamé roi des rois sous le nom de Ptolémée XV, Alexandre Hélios reçoit en partage l'Arménie et les terres au-delà de l'Euphrate, Ptolémée Philadelphe quant à lui se voit confier, nominativement car il a environ deux ans, la Syrie et l'Anatolie. [35][497][498] Cleopatra V (or VI) was expelled from the court of Ptolemy XII in late 69 BC, a few months after the birth of Cleopatra, while Ptolemy XII's three younger children were all born during the absence of his wife. In 41 v.Chr. bond ze zich aan Marcus Antonius, met wie zij een tweeling kreeg. [7] Cleopatra was the name of Alexander the Great's sister, as well as Cleopatra Alcyone, wife of Meleager in Greek mythology. Pour autant la mort de Pompée est une aubaine pour César qui tente par ailleurs de profiter des querelles dynastiques pour annexer l’Égypte. [325][326][note 2] It is said she was accompanied by her servants Eiras and Charmion, who also took their own lives. [413] It is likely, due to political expediency, that Antony's visage was made to conform not only to hers but also to those of her Macedonian Greek ancestors who founded the Ptolemaic dynasty, to familiarize himself to her subjects as a legitimate member of the royal house. [365][367] However, Ptolemy was eventually executed by the Roman emperor Caligula in 40 AD, perhaps under the pretense that Ptolemy had unlawfully minted his own royal coinage and utilized regalia reserved for the Roman emperor. Il consume ses forces en banquets, beuveries et fêtes somptueuses sans se soucier de la situation. Cleopatra's winterse affaire met Caesar leverde een zoon op, Ptolemaeus Caesar (bijgenaamd Caesarion, kleine Caesar). Zijzelf werd “Cleopatra VII” genoemd. Elle appartient à la dynastie d'origine macédonienne des Lagides, laquelle règne sur l'Égypte depuis la fin du IVe siècle. Cléopâtre est restée à Alexandrie pour accoucher d'un troisième enfant du couple, Ptolémée Philadelphe. Ze is de bekendste van de verschillende gelijknamige Egyptische vorstinnen en wordt gewoonlijk kortweg als Cleopatra aangeduid. Cleopatra VII Philopator (Koinē Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ, Kleopátra Philopátōr;[5] 69 – 10 or 12 August 30 BC)[note 2] was the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. [40][493][note 81] Michael Grant asserts that there is only one known Egyptian mistress of a Ptolemy and no known Egyptian wife of a Ptolemy, further arguing that Cleopatra probably did not have any Egyptian ancestry and "would have described herself as Greek. Des historiens continuent de croire en la thèse du poison, déjà évoquée par Strabon qui évoque une pommade toxique qu'elle se serait appliquée[57]. Le jugement que porte sur elle Flavius Josèphe au Ier siècle est révélateur[4] : « Elle fit d'Antoine l'ennemi de sa patrie par la corruption de ses charmes amoureux ». [27][31][32] The Romans chose instead to divide the Ptolemaic realm among the illegitimate sons of Ptolemy IX, bestowing Cyprus to Ptolemy of Cyprus and Egypt to Ptolemy XII Auletes. De bronnen voor het verhaal zijn Plut. Cléopâtre VII Philopator, « Qui aime son père » (en grec ancien : Κλεοπάτρα Θεὰ Φιλοπάτωρ), puis Théa Néôtera Philopatris, « Déesse nouvelle qui aime sa patrie » (en grec ancien : Θεὰ Νεωτέρα Φιλοπάτριϛ), est une reine d'Égypte antique[a] de la dynastie lagide née vers 69 et morte le 12 août 30 av. [107][109] Losing the fight against her brother, Cleopatra was then forced to flee Alexandria and withdraw to the region of Thebes. [note 87] The family tree given below also lists Cleopatra V, Ptolemy XII's wife, as a daughter of Ptolemy X Alexander I and Berenice III, which would make her a cousin of her husband, Ptolemy XII, but she could have been a daughter of Ptolemy IX Lathyros, which would have made her a sister-wife of Ptolemy XII instead. Pendant ce temps à Alexandrie, Cléopâtre accouche de jumeaux : un garçon, Alexandre Hélios, et une fille, Cléopâtre Séléné. », L'officier que Marc-Antoine envoie à Alexandrie pour convoquer Cléopâtre est. [277][263] A subscript in a different handwriting at the bottom of the papyrus reads "make it happen"[277][263] or "so be it"[264] (Ancient Greek: γινέσθωι, romanized: ginésthōi);[note 53] this is likely the autograph of the queen, as it was Ptolemaic practice to countersign documents to avoid forgery. "[491][note 82] Stacy Schiff writes that Cleopatra was a Macedonian Greek with some Persian ancestry, arguing that it was rare for the Ptolemies to have an Egyptian mistress. [200] In the summer of 41 BC, Antony established his headquarters at Tarsos in Anatolia and summoned Cleopatra there in several letters, which she rebuffed until Antony's envoy Quintus Dellius convinced her to come. [258][261] News of this event was heavily criticized in Rome as a perversion of time-honored Roman rites and rituals to be enjoyed instead by an Egyptian queen. Ce dernier cependant doit bientôt quitter Alexandrie pour combattre le roi du Pont, Pharnace II, puis les derniers partisans de Pompée en Afrique. [443] The sculpture also has pronounced eyes that share similarities with Roman copies of Ptolemaic sculpted works of art. [374] Only fragments exist of the medical and cosmetic writings attributed to Cleopatra, such as those preserved by Galen, including remedies for hair disease, baldness, and dandruff, along with a list of weights and measures for pharmacological purposes. [299] An asp is absent from the painting, but many Romans held the view that she received poison in another manner than a venomous snakebite. En cette période troublée (César n'a pas encore réduit les derniers partisans de Pompée), un gouverneur d'Égypte ambitieux aurait pu affamer Rome en la privant du blé égyptien et s'en faire un tremplin pour ses ambitions politiques. Le gouverneur de Cléopâtre à Chypre, Sérapion, vient en aide à Cassius, avec l'assentiment de la reine quels que soient les sentiments que lui inspire l'un des assassins de César. Son ivrognerie et son amour pour Cléopâtre qui égalait sa passion pour le vin ». [297] It is uncertain whether or not, at this time, she actually executed Artavasdes II and sent his head to his rival, Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene, in an attempt to strike an alliance with him. [358][425][232][note 47] A possible Parian-marble sculpture of Cleopatra wearing a vulture headdress in Egyptian style is located at the Capitoline Museums. [249] By the summer of 36 BC, she had given birth to Ptolemy Philadelphus, her second son with Antony. Cléopâtre est rendue responsable de la guerre et la propagande d'Octave n'hésite pas à affirmer qu'elle souhaite régner sur Rome[45]. [282][283] Cleopatra refused Antony's requests that she return to Egypt, judging that by blocking Octavian in Greece she could more easily defend Egypt. Zo luidt althans de versie die later verspreid is door Octavianus. La qualité du scénario et de l'interprétation, la médiatisation de la star et des soixante-quatre robes qu'elle porte à l'écran, sans compter ses amours avec Richard Burton ni la quasi-faillite de la Fox entraînée par ce film extrêmement coûteux, associent étroitement et pour longtemps encore le visage de l'actrice et celui de la reine d'Égypte. Vanaf augustus 51 v.Chr. [324][295][303] It is unclear if Cleopatra's suicide in 30 August BC, at age 39, took place within the palace or her tomb. Rien ne prouve que Cléopâtre ait voulu exercer la totalité du pouvoir à l'époque, en tout cas les titulatures de cette période lui accordent toujours la seconde place. On dit qu'elle savait encore plusieurs autres langues, tandis que les rois ses prédécesseurs n'avaient pas même pris la peine d'apprendre l'égyptien et que même quelques-uns avaient oublié le macédonien. Outre la réflexion de Blaise Pascal dans les Pensées, qui considère que « le nez de Cléopâtre, s'il eût été plus court, toute la face de la terre aurait changé », la reine d'Égypte a donné lieu à de très nombreuses représentations. [361][238] The fates of Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelphus are unknown after this point. the diadem) to make herself more appealing to the citizens of Republican Rome. Si elle s'implique autant dans les aléas de la politique romaine, et cherche à utiliser sa puissance, c'est bien pour affermir son pouvoir et sortir son pays de la décadence, tout en maintenant son indépendance. was Marcus Antonius een van de triumvirs die Rome regeerden in het machtsvacuüm na de dood van Caesar. [445][446] Augustus had his name inscribed there following the death of Cleopatra. Elle s'appuie par ailleurs sur les indigènes égyptiens pour assurer les droits de Césarion à la succession[62]. Dix-neuf types monétaires différents ont été publiés[68]. Les derniers mois de son règne sont assez méconnus. [note 54] The legal argument for war was based less on Cleopatra's territorial acquisitions, with former Roman territories ruled by her children with Antony, and more on the fact that she was providing military support to a private citizen now that Antony's triumviral authority had expired. After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of the second to last Hellenistic state and the age that had lasted since the reign of Alexander(336…