It acknowledged that Western Sahara had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, but not sufficient to prove the sovereignty of either State over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. The exiled government of the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is a form of single-party parliamentary and presidential system, but according to its constitution, this will be changed into a multi-party system at the achievement of independence. The Morocco-controlled parts of Western Sahara are divided into several provinces that are treated as integral parts of the kingdom. His father, Hassan II of Morocco, initially supported the referendum idea in principle in 1982, and signed contracts with Polisario and the UN in 1991 and 1997. International press and other media coverage have been sparse, and reporting is complicated by the Moroccan government's policy of strictly controlling independent media coverage within the territory. Several international human rights organizations expressed concern at what they termed abuse by Moroccan security forces, and a number of Sahrawi activists have been jailed. [citation needed] Certain powers, such as the capacity to appoint the government and to dissolve parliament, remain in the hands of the monarch. This area has a sparse population, estimated to be approximately 30,000 in 2008. Both sides blame each other for the stalling of the referendum. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. "[103] After pressures from corporate ethics-groups, Total S.A. pulled out in late 2004. [122] His canvases of choice were destroyed walls, which he brought back to life through his art. [citation needed], While initial Spanish interest in the Sahara was focused on using it as a port for the slave trade, by the 1700s Spain had transitioned economic activity on the Saharan coast towards commercial fishing. The last elections to the parliament's lower house were deemed reasonably free and fair by international observers. Sahara Occidental : les fausses images diffusées par le Front Polisario sur les réseaux sociaux. In 2011, leaked United States diplomatic cables revealed that the territory is somewhat of an economic burden for Morocco;[98] the Moroccan US$800 million subsidy program to Western Sahara was said to be one of the larger per-capita aid programs in history. L’ONU devrait nommer un envoyé spécial, et les Etats-Unis devraient prendre la … Le conflit au Sahara occidental est "une question de décolonisation inachevée", et l’ONU doit assumer ces responsabilités au Sahara occidental, a soutenu le L'universitaire américain Jacob Mundy. [103] It concluded that while the existing exploration contracts for the area were not illegal, "if further exploration and exploitation activities were to proceed in disregard of the interests and wishes of the people of Western Sahara, they would be in violation of the principles of international law. By 1974–75 the government issued promises of a referendum on independence in Western Sahara. The Polisario-controlled parts of Western Sahara are barren. [120] Art as embodied in film has been a strong and popular medium that Sahrawi youth have used to express themselves, and share their stories of conflict and exile. Among the responsibilities women had were setting up, repairing, and moving the tents of the camp, and participating in major tribal decisions. Meanwhile, Polisario still insisted on a referendum with independence as a clear option, without offering a solution to the problem of who is qualified to be registered to participate in it. los pequeños gigantes de la XVI edicion del Sahara Marathon. Sahara occidental : l’émissaire de l’ONU Horst Kohler déclare forfait pour "raison de santé". Three Moroccan regions are within or partly within Western Sahara: Morocco controls territory to the west of the berm (border wall) while the Sahrawi Republic controls territory to the east (see map on right). Gefällt 369 Mal. 0:10. Erik Jensen, who played an administrative role in MINURSO, wrote that neither side would agree to a voter registration in which they were destined to lose (see Western Sahara: Anatomy of a Stalemate). [23], In the waning days of General Franco's rule, and after the Green March, the Spanish government signed a tripartite agreement with Morocco and Mauritania as it moved to transfer the territory on 14 November 1975. "[39] In March 2016, Morocco "expelled more than 70 U.N. civilian staffers with MINURSO" due to strained relations after Ban Ki-moon called Morocco's annexation of Western Sahara an "occupation".[40]. Photo ONU/Martine Perret . La région pourrait devenir le maillon stratégique vers l’Afrique subsaharienne. Some of the films were made by the refugees themselves. Major Sahrawi political events, such as Polisario congresses and sessions of the Sahrawi National Council (the SADR parliament in exile) are held in the Free Zone (especially in Tifariti and Bir Lehlou), since it is politically and symbolically important to conduct political affairs on Sahrawi territory. [5] One year later, a new resolution was passed by the General Assembly requesting that a referendum be held by Spain on self-determination. [29] This was discussed by the United Nations Security Council in 2000, and envisioned an autonomous Western Sahara Authority (WSA), which would be followed after five years by the referendum. Las pretensiones de Marruecos sobre los territorios españoles en el norte de África (1956–2002)", "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37, The Question of Western Sahara", "Arab League Withdraws Inaccurate Moroccan maps", "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara (paragraph 37, p. 10)", "Western Sahara not part of EFTA-Morocco free trade agreement – wsrw.org", "International law allows the recognition of Western Sahara – Stockholm Center for International Law and Justice", "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", "Algeria Claims Spanish Sahara Is Being Invaded", "Western Sahara's Struggle for Freedom Cut Off By a Wall", "Is One of Africa's Oldest Conflicts Finally Nearing Its End? The new king, Mohammed VI of Morocco, opposes any referendum on independence, and has said Morocco will never agree to one: "We shall not give up one inch of our beloved Sahara, not a grain of its sand."[33]. [98] The territory is otherwise thought to be economically unviable and unable to support its population without the Moroccan subsidies. Western Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الغربية‎‎ aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah; Berber languages: Taneẓroft Tutrimt; Spanish: Sáhara Occidental) is a disputed territory on the northwest coast and in the Maghreb region of North and West Africa. Western Sahara is located on the northwest coast in West Africa and on the cusp of North Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean to the northwest, Morocco proper to the north-northeast, Algeria to the east-northeast, and Mauritania to the east and south.[16]. [121] One such artist was Spanish street artist MESA, who travelled to the Sahrawi refugee camps in 2011 and displayed his own graffiti throughout the landscape. ", This page was last edited on 24 March 2021, at 00:26. al Sahara Occidental que permita una mejor comprensión de las diferencias existentes en las constelaciones sociolingüísticas en los territorios aún ocupados ilegalmente por Marruecos y aquellos bajo soberanía de la RADS. L... En plein soulèvement contre le système Bouteflika en Algérie et à trois jours de la deuxième table ronde sur le Sahara Occidental convoquée par l’ONU à Genève, un représentant de la société civile sah... Palpable depuis plusieurs mois, la tension entre Rabat et Riyad est montée d’un cran avec le rappel par le Maroc de son ambassadeur en Arabie Saoudite et la suspension de ses actions militaires au Yém... Une semaine après s’être autoproclamé, le 23 janvier 2019, président par intérim au Venezuela, Juan Guaido a reçu le soutien du chef de la diplomatie marocaine. [86] The official Moroccan government name for Western Sahara is the "Southern Provinces", consisting of the Río de Oro and Saguia el-Hamra regions. Jacob Mundi. the Spanish census). [103] The opinion was rendered following an analysis of relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, the United Nations General Assembly resolutions, the case law of the International Court of Justice and the practice of sovereign states. The earliest known inhabitants of Western Sahara were the Gaetuli. Président Tebboune: le Sahara occidental, une question de décolonisation. During the war years (1975–1991), both sides accused each other of targeting civilians. There are also berms in the Moroccan-controlled zone, around Dakhla and stretching from Boujdour, including Smara on the Moroccan border. Le groupe de travail du Conseil ... L’Afrique du Sud a accueilli le 25 mars 2019 une conférence de solidarité avec le peuple sahraoui. It is furthermore claimed by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), proclaimed by the Polisario Front in 1976, a state entity supported by Algeria, but not recognised by the UN. Rabat attend en échange un revirement d... Nouveau coup d'épée dans le sable sur le conflit du Sahara Occidental. It aims to raise awareness of the humanitarian crises in the refugee camps, and expose the Sahrawi people to this medium of art and expression.[120]. Western Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الغربية‎‎ aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah; Berber languages: Taneẓroft Tutrimt; Spanish: Sáhara Occidental) is a disputed territory on the northwest coast and in the Maghreb region of North and West Africa. Demonstrations and protests still occur, even after Morocco declared in February 2006 that it was contemplating a plan for devolving a limited variant of autonomy to the territory but still explicitly refused any referendum on independence. SAHARA OCCIDENTAL. [95][failed verification], UN sponsored peace talks, the first in six years between Morocco and Polisario, were held in Geneva on 5 December 2018, with both sides agreeing to meet again in a few months for further talks.[96][97]. [88], Despite this, the area is traveled and inhabited by many Sahrawi nomads from the Tindouf refugee camps of Algeria and the Sahrawi communities in Mauritania. Western Sahara Anthem / Hymne du Sahara Occidental / Himno del Sahara Occidental. Ahmed Salem Amr Khaddad. One such artist is Mohamed Sayad, a Sahrawi artist that has been transforming the refugee camp landscape by creating works of art amongst the devastation in camps that have existed for four decades. [103], In 2002, Hans Corell, Under-Secretary General of the United Nations and head of its Office of Legal Affairs, issued a legal opinion on the matter. The population of the territory thus possessed the right of self-determination. Moroccan officials said five security personnel had been killed in the unrest. Das könnte sie auch Interessieren. The UN forces oversee the cease-fire between Polisario and Morocco agreed upon in the 1991 Settlement Plan. [19] During Marinid dynasty rule, the Beni Hassan rebelled but were defeated by the Sultan and escaped beyond the Saguia el-Hamra dry river. [100][101][102], After reasonably exploitable oil fields were located in Mauritania, speculation intensified on the possibility of major oil resources being located off the coast of Western Sahara. Sahara Occidental: près de 3.000 victimes de mines anti-personnel implantées par le Maroc. [19] Towards the end of the Almohad Caliphate, the Beni Hassan, a sub-tribe of the Maqil, were called by the local ruler of the Sous to quell a rebellion; they settled in the Sous Ksours and controlled such cities as Taroudant. Physically indistinguishable from the Hassaniya speaking Moors of Mauritania, the Sahrawi people differ from their neighbours partly because of different tribal affiliations (as tribal confederations cut across present modern boundaries) and partly as a consequence of their exposure to Spanish colonial domination. [115] Similar to other nomadic traditions on the African continent, Sahrawi women traditionally exercised significant power and roles both in the camp and in their tents. Together with the Spanish High Commissioner, Belbachir selected from this list. Finde den passenden Reim für „sahara occidental“ Ähnliche Wörter zum gesuchten Reim 153.212 Wörter online Ständig aktualisierte Reime Reime in 13 Sprachen Jetzt den passenden Reim finden! Sie gehört zu den Wendekreiswüsten. Le conflit du sahara occidental dure depuis 1975. It was home to more than 12,000 people. The Polisario Front said Moroccan security forces had killed a 26-year-old protester at the camp, a claim denied by Morocco. Morocco has won support for its position from several African governments and from most of the Muslim world and Arab League. Los violentos enfrentamientos del fin de semana fueron el incidente más grave desde el acuerdo de alto el fuego de 1991. Au moment où le Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU renouvelle pour un an le mandat de la MINURSO au Sahara occidental, une visite de l’ancien émissaire des Nations Unies aux camps sahraouis dans le sud de l... Avant la prorogation du mandat de la Minurso, qui expire fin octobre au Sahara occidental, Antonio Guterres souhaite, selon l'AFP, que le processus des tables rondes à quatre se poursuive. After arguing for a process of decolonization to be guided by the United Nations, the Algerian government under Houari Boumédiènne in 1975 committed to assisting the Polisario Front, which opposed both Moroccan and Mauritanian claims and demanded full independence of Western Sahara. It has received vocal support from France and occasionally (and currently) from the United States. Aside from its rich fishing waters and phosphate reserves, Western Sahara has few natural resources and lacks sufficient rainfall and freshwater resources for most agricultural activities. Spain terminated its presence in Spanish Sahara within three months, repatriating Spanish remains from its cemeteries.[24]. MESA inspired other Sahrawis to express themselves and embody their national struggle through art and graffiti. El Gobierno de España asume la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia Europeo que declaró que el Sáhara Occidental no es parte del reino de Marruecos El Gobierno de España asume la … France Télévisions utilise votre adresse email afin de vous adresser des newsletters. 9:14. The United Nations considers it to be a "non-self-governing territory". In a previously confidential legal opinion (published in February 2010, although it was forwarded in July 2009), the European Parliament's Legal Service opined that fishing by European vessels under a current EU – Morocco fishing agreement covering Western Sahara's waters is in violation of international law. SDH = SAHARA: UNA DEUDA HISTÓRICA SDH es un proyecto Transmedia compuesto por distintas plataformas y medios. Morocco was also allowed to keep its army in the area and retain control over all security issues during both the autonomy years and the election. As time went by, Spanish colonial rule began to unravel with the general wave of decolonization after World War II; former North African and sub-Saharan African possessions and protectorates gained independence from European powers. [86] When Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979, Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control over the whole territory. [98] Supporting life in a territory with scarce freshwater resources is extremely costly. Surrounding territories were generally under French colonial rule. [98], Due to the disputed nature of Moroccan sovereignty over the territory, the application of international accords to Western Sahara is highly ambiguous. Families were broken up by the dispute. While the area can experience flash flooding in the spring, there are no permanent streams. [21] After an agreement among the European colonial powers at the Berlin Conference in 1884 on the division of spheres of influence in Africa, Spain seized control of Western Sahara and established it as a Spanish colony. All WANDAVISION REAL Villain … Western Sahara was partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the northern two-thirds of the territory. As personal envoy of the Secretary-General, James Baker visited all sides and produced the document known as the "Baker Plan". As of July 2004, an estimated 267,405 people (excluding about 160,000 Moroccan military personnel) lived in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara. US and French companies (notably Total and Kerr-McGee) began prospecting on behalf of the Moroccan Office National de Recherches et d'Exploitations Petrolières (ONAREP). By 1999 the UN had identified about 85,000 voters, with nearly half of them in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara or Southern Morocco, and the others scattered between the Tindouf refugee camps, Mauritania and other places of exile. [6] A war erupted between those countries and a Sahrawi nationalist movement, the Polisario Front, which proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) with a government in exile in Tindouf, Algeria. These negotiations would define the exact limits of a Western Sahara autonomy under Moroccan rule but only after Morocco's "inalienable right" to the territory was recognized as a precondition to the talks. 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WandaVision. Pourquoi ce conflit a-t-il eclate ? Many of them have mixed Berber-Arab heritage, effectively continuations of the tribal groupings of Hassaniya-speaking and Zenaga-Berber speaking Moorish tribes extending south into Mauritania and north into Morocco as well as east into Algeria. In 1965, the United Nations General Assembly adopted its first resolution on Western Sahara, asking Spain to decolonize the territory.