During gastrulation, the margins of this grow down and surround the yolk, forming a yolk sac, which eventually forms part of the gut. [44][45], During osmoregulation, fluid is added to the pericardia of the branchial hearts. The pupil can be adjusted in size and a retinal pigment screens incident light in bright conditions. The dorsal side of the disc grows upwards and forms the embryo, with a shell gland on its dorsal surface, gills, mantle and eyes. [3] His Frank Sinatra classic "How Little it Matters, How Little We Know" was co-written by Carolyn Leigh. He also played dual piano with pianist Dick Hyman. For example, a stone carving found in the archaeological recovery from Bronze Age Minoan Crete at Knossos (1900–1100 BC) has a depiction of a fisherman carrying an octopus. [63] The hectocotylus in benthic octopuses is usually the third right arm, which has a spoon-shaped depression and modified suckers near the tip. The sac is close enough to the funnel for the octopus to shoot out the ink with a water jet. They provide information on the position of the body relative to gravity and can detect angular acceleration. In this she broods the young, and it also serves as a buoyancy aid allowing her to adjust her depth. Another diver recorded the encounter on video. [56], Octopuses also have an excellent sense of touch. "Interspecific Evaluation of Octopus Escape Behavior", "Armed but not dangerous: Is the octopus really the invertebrate intellect of the sea", "Giant Octopus – Mighty but Secretive Denizen of the Deep", "What behavior can we expect of octopuses? [2] The Octopoda consists of around 300 known species[121] and were historically divided into two suborders, the Incirrina and the Cirrina. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, died at the age of 99. [161][162] Animal welfare groups have objected to this practice on the basis that octopuses can experience pain. Octopus arms can move and sense largely autonomously without intervention from the animal's central nervous system. A battle with an octopus appears in Victor Hugo's book Toilers of the Sea, inspiring other works such as Ian Fleming's Octopussy. Octopus (standard plural octopuses) relates to approximately 300 species of soft-bodied, eight-limbed molluscs of the order Octopoda (/ ɒ k ˈ t ɒ p ə d ə /, ok-TO-pə-də).The order is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, and nautiloids.Like other cephalopods, an octopus is bilaterally symmetric with two … [96] The veined octopus collects discarded coconut shells, then uses them to build a shelter, an example of tool use. Since Quasimodo's arrival in the bell tower as an infant, the gargoyles have acted as his best friends and guardians. Small prey may be completely trapped by the webbed structure. [6] When Rooney was discharged Springer took over the job as composer. [23][46], The octopus (along with cuttlefish) has the highest brain-to-body mass ratios of all invertebrates; it is also greater than that of many vertebrates. The yolk is gradually absorbed as the embryo develops. [28], The skin consists of a thin outer epidermis with mucous cells and sensory cells, and a connective tissue dermis consisting largely of collagen fibres and various cells allowing colour change. Aspects of the Natural History of, "Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books", "Smithsonian National Zoological Park: Giant Pacific Octopus", "Understanding octopus growth: patterns, variability and physiology", "Octopuses and Relatives: Locomotion, Crawling", "Kinematic decomposition and classification of octopus arm movements", "The morphology and adhesion mechanism of, "Feel the light – sight independent negative phototactic response in octopus' arms", "Finned Deep-sea Octopuses, Grimpoteuthis spp", "Octopuses and Relatives: Locomotion, jet propulsion", "The control of ventilatory and cardiac responses to changes in ambient oxygen tension and oxygen demand in, "An Embodied View of Octopus Neurobiology", "Dynamic model of the octopus arm. [47][48] It has a highly complex nervous system, only part of which is localised in its brain, which is contained in a cartilaginous capsule. Jetting is used to escape from danger, but is physiologically inefficient, requiring a mantle pressure so high as to stop the heart from beating, resulting in a progressive oxygen deficit. [14] Tamir Music/Philip Springer owns 100% of “Santa Baby” for the United States, its territories and possessions. Octopuses have three hearts; a systemic heart that circulates blood around the body and two branchial hearts that pump it through each of the two gills. [27] The cirrate species are often free-swimming and live in deep-water habitats. [143], A battle with an octopus plays a significant role in Victor Hugo's book Travailleurs de la mer (Toilers of the Sea), relating to his time in exile on Guernsey. Fleshy papillae or cirri are found along the bottom of the arms, and the eyes are more developed. [2][13], Tamir Music is Springer’s publishing entity, and he owns the publishing rights to most of his songs. [107] The blue rings of the highly venomous blue-ringed octopus are hidden in muscular skin folds which contract when the animal is threatened, exposing the iridescent warning. He picks up a spermatophore from his spermatophoric sac with the hectocotylus, inserts it into the female's mantle cavity, and deposits it in the correct location for the species, which in the giant Pacific octopus is the opening of the oviduct. The siphon is used both for respiration and for locomotion, by expelling a jet of water. Octopuses, squids and cuttlefish belong to the clade Coleoidea. Get up to the minute entertainment news, celebrity interviews, celeb videos, photos, movies, TV, music news and pop culture on ABCNews.com. It is not known precisely what contribution learning makes to adult octopus behaviour. 66% of Enteroctopus dofleini in one study had scars, with 50% having amputated arms. Some species are adapted to the cold, ocean depths. [108] The Atlantic white-spotted octopus (Callistoctopus macropus) turns bright brownish red with oval white spots all over in a high contrast display. The suckers allow the octopus to anchor itself or to manipulate objects. The haemocyanin is dissolved in the plasma instead of being carried within blood cells, and gives the blood a bluish colour. [85], Some species have other modes of feeding. [22][23] Songs interpolated in Broadway shows include "Salesmanship" (Ziegfeld Follies of ’57; lyrics by Carolyn Leigh);[24] and “You’ll Make an Elegant Butler” (Tovarich, for which he wrote the opening song for Vivien Leigh in her last Broadway performance; lyrics by Joan Javits).[25]. [77] The larger Pacific striped octopus however is social, living in groups of up to 40 individuals that share dens. [22], The octopus is bilaterally symmetrical along its dorso-ventral axis; the head and foot are at one end of an elongated body and function as the anterior (front) of the animal. [87], Cirrate octopuses cannot produce jet propulsion and rely on their fins for swimming. [164], In classical Greece, Aristotle (384–322 BC) commented on the colour-changing abilities of the octopus, both for camouflage and for signalling, in his Historia animalium: "The octopus ... seeks its prey by so changing its colour as to render it like the colour of the stones adjacent to it; it does so also when alarmed. [114][115], The diseases and parasites that affect octopuses have been little studied, but cephalopods are known to be the intermediate or final hosts of various parasitic cestodes, nematodes and copepods; 150 species of protistan and metazoan parasites have been recognised. [138][139] One translation of the Hawaiian creation myth the Kumulipo suggests that the octopus is the lone survivor of a previous age. Whilst at UCLA he also studied composition under Leon Kirchner during his time as a visiting professor from Harvard University. [87] A study of this behaviour led to the suggestion that the two rearmost appendages may be more accurately termed "legs" rather than "arms". [15], The giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) is often cited as the largest known octopus species. Hugo is a 2011 American adventure drama film directed and produced by Martin Scorsese, and adapted for the screen by John Logan.Based on Brian Selznick's 2007 book The Invention of Hugo Cabret, it tells the story of a boy who lives alone in the Gare Montparnasse railway station in Paris in the 1930s, only to become embroiled … [43], The digestive system of the octopus begins with the buccal mass which consists of the mouth with its chitinous beak, the pharynx, radula and salivary glands. As juveniles, common octopuses inhabit shallow tide pools. I. Biomechanics of the octopus reaching movement", "Color Discrimination Conditioning in Two Octopus, "Octopus vision, it's in the eye (or skin) of the beholder", "Study proposes explanation for how cephalopods see colour, despite black and white vision", "Odd pupils let 'colorblind' octopuses see colors", "Cephalopod Ink: Production, Chemistry, Functions and Applications", "Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual", "Absurd Creature of the Week: The Beautiful Octopus Whose Sex Is All About Dismemberment", "Octopuses were thought to be solitary until a social species turned up", "Octopus Senescence: The Beginning of the End", "First in situ observation of Cephalopoda at hadal depths (Octopoda: Opisthoteuthidae: Grimpoteuthis sp. The physical principle behind this is that the force required to accelerate the water through the orifice produces a reaction that propels the octopus in the opposite direction. [3] He composed the score for the off-Broadway musical The Chosen, based on the best-selling novel by Chaim Potok, in 1988. [94][95][96][97] Maze and problem-solving experiments have shown evidence of a memory system that can store both short- and long-term memory. [8], Springer is also the author of the 1977 book “Switched on Synthesizer,” a widely used manual for operating analog synthesizers. [7], Springer served as a truck driver in WWII; he was Mickey Rooney’s Musical Director in 1945 when he did a show in Regensburg, Germany. [40] Extensive connective tissue lattices support the respiratory muscles and allow them to expand the respiratory chamber. [118] A gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio lentus, has been found to cause skin lesions, exposure of muscle and death of octopuses in extreme cases. Basal species, the Cirrina, have stout gelatinous bodies with webbing that reaches near the tip of their arms, and two large fins above the eyes, supported by an internal shell. The infundibulum provides adhesion while the acetabulum remains free, and muscle contractions allow for attachment and detachment. [16] The largest specimen of this species to be scientifically documented was an animal with a live mass of 71 kg (156.5 lb). [9][10] He was a resident of John Jay Hall and was roommates with Punch Sulzberger, future publisher of The New York Times. The urine is first formed in the pericardial cavity, and is modified by excretion, chiefly of ammonia, and selective absorption from the renal appendages, as it is passed along the associated duct and through the nephridiopore into the mantle cavity. The spoon-armed octopus (Bathypolypus arcticus) is found at depths of 1,000 m (3,300 ft), and Vulcanoctopus hydrothermalis lives near hydrothermal vents at 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Muscles in the skin change the texture of the mantle to achieve greater camouflage. [57], The arms contain tension sensors so the octopus knows whether its arms are stretched out, but this is not sufficient for the brain to determine the position of the octopus's body or arms. [99] Octopuses often break out of their aquariums and sometimes into others in search of food. [126][133], The cladograms are based on Sanchez et al., 2018, who created a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA marker sequences.[122]. Adults usually weigh around 15 kg (33 lb), with an arm span of up to 4.3 m (14 ft). The foot has evolved into a set of flexible, prehensile appendages, known as "arms", that surround the mouth and are attached to each other near their base by a webbed structure. No antidote is known, but if breathing can be kept going artificially, patients recover within 24 hours. [71] Octopus reproductive organs mature due to the hormonal influence of the optic gland but result in the inactivation of their digestive glands, typically causing the octopus to die from starvation. Both the structures and editing sites are conserved in the coleoid genome and the mutation rates for the sites are severely hampered. [116] The Dicyemidae are a family of tiny worms that are found in the renal appendages of many species;[117] it is unclear whether they are parasitic or are endosymbionts. Week in … A Litany for narrator and instrumental ensemble; Over 50 electronic compositions including one of the first all-electronic television scores, broadcast on, Patches III, a piece for solo piano and tape, which was broadcast on. The giant Pacific octopus, one of the two largest species of octopus, may live for as much as five years. [105], A "moving rock" trick involves the octopus mimicking a rock and then inching across the open space with a speed matching the movement in the surrounding water, allowing it to move in plain sight of a predator. Linnaeus included it in the first edition of his 1735 Systema Naturae. Prey that it is likely to reject include moon snails because they are too large and limpets, rock scallops, chitons and abalone, because they are too securely fixed to the rock. "[165] Aristotle noted that the octopus had a hectocotyl arm and suggested it might be used in sexual reproduction. [6][16], Springer was Yip Harburg’s last collaborator before Harburg’s death in 1981. [32][33] Each of the eight arms sense and respond to light, allowing the octopus to control the limbs even if its head is obscured. Each sucker is usually circular and bowl-like and has two distinct parts: an outer shallow cavity called an infundibulum and a central hollow cavity called an acetabulum, both of which are thick muscles covered in a protective chitinous cuticle. Keystone-France Getty Images [132] Recent research based on fossils of the hard internal gladius indicates that true octopus first appeared in the Jurassic, having evolved from ancestors belonging to the clade Muensterelloidea, that likely lived near the sea floor in shallow marine environments. ", "The great escape: Inky the octopus legs it to freedom from aquarium", "Coconut shelter: evidence of tool use by octopuses", "Tales from the Cryptic: The Common Atlantic Octopus", "Octopuses and Relatives: Predators and Defenses", "An Observation of Inking Behavior Protecting Adult, "Even Severed Octopus Arms Have Smart Moves", "Dynamic mimicry in an Indo-Malayan octopus", "Pathogens and immune response of cephalopods", "Genus-level phylogeny of cephalopods using molecular markers: current status and problematic areas", "First Middle–Late Jurassic gladius vestiges provide new evidence on the detailed origin of incirrate and cirrate octopuses (Coleoidea)", "Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules: Extant cephalopods are younger than previously realised and were under major selection to become agile, shell-less predators", "A Broad Brush History of the Cephalopoda", "The Muensterelloidea: phylogeny and character evolution of Mesozoic stem octopods", "Trade-off between transcriptome plasticity and genome evolution in cephalopods", "Caroli Linnaei Systema naturae sistens regna tria naturae", "Why Mark Zuckerberg Octopus Cartoon Evokes 'Nazi Propaganda,' German Paper Apologizes", "8-Foot Octopus Wrestles Diver Off California Coast, Rare Encounter Caught on Camera", "Tentacles of venom: new study reveals all octopuses are venomous", "What makes blue-rings so deadly? [175] In 2017 a German company made an arm with a soft pneumatically controlled silicone gripper fitted with two rows of suckers. This makes the blood very viscous and it requires considerable pressure to pump it around the body; octopuses' blood pressures can exceed 75 mmHg (10 kPa). The octopus's suction cups are equipped with chemoreceptors so the octopus can taste what it touches. [157] Octopus is eaten in many cultures and is a common food on the Mediterranean and Asian coasts. The scientific Latin term octopus was derived from Ancient Greek ὀκτώπους, a compound form of ὀκτώ (oktō, "eight") and πούς (pous, "foot"), itself a variant form of ὀκτάπους, a word used for example by Alexander of Tralles (c. 525–605) for the common octopus. MATS ENTERTAINMENT. German label Hugo Boss was founded in 1924 in Metzingen, Germany, and famously supplied uniforms for the Nazi party. His mother, Sylvia, was a concert pianist and his father, Mordecai, a lawyer by profession, was a very musical person. As a result, the octopus does not possess stereognosis; that is, it does not form a mental image of the overall shape of the object it is handling. Hamburg-born inventor Hugo Benscher, 89, was found dead in 1992 but police only charged Philip Michael Stearman with his murder after a breakthrough in the cold case last year. [152], All species are venomous, but only blue-ringed octopuses have venom that is lethal to humans. He had a distinguished career in the military and was at the forefront of many community … [59] The main pigment in the ink is melanin, which gives it its black colour. In 2015 a team in Italy built soft-bodied robots able to crawl and swim, requiring only minimal computation. [26] However, London died before this work could come to Broadway. Colour vision appears to vary from species to species, for example being present in O. aegina but absent in O. Hence, greater transcriptome plasticity has come at the cost of slower genome evolution. [1][2] “Santa Baby” has since been covered by a large number of major recording artists, including Madonna, Michael Buble, Taylor Swift, Ariana Grande, Gwen Stefani, Kellie Pickler, Kylie Minogue, Robbie Williams (2019), R.E.M, and in 2016, by Garth Brooks and his wife Trisha Yearwood (featured on their Christmas duets album). octopuses, see below for variants) relates to approximately 300 species of soft-bodied, eight-limbed molluscs of the order Octopoda (/ɒkˈtɒpədə/, ok-TO-pə-də). [30][31], The interior surfaces of the arms are covered with circular, adhesive suckers. When it is resting after a meal, absorption through the skin can drop to 3% of its total oxygen uptake. [166][167] Other zoologists thought it a spermatophore; the German zoologist Heinrich Müller believed it was "designed" to detach during copulation. The larger Pacific striped octopus is an exception, as it can reproduce multiple times over a life of around two years. Other creatures, such as fish, crabs, molluscs and echinoderms, often share the den with the octopus, either because they have arrived as scavengers, or because they have survived capture. For other uses, see, Cosgrove, J.A. Age : 8 ans et plus – Temps moyen d’une partie : 30 min – 2 à 6 joueurs. [94][95] Octopuses have also been observed in what has been described as play: repeatedly releasing bottles or toys into a circular current in their aquariums and then catching them. [36] However, more recent evidence suggests that Cirrina are merely the most basal species and are not a unique clade. [64] A complex hydraulic mechanism releases the sperm from the spermatophore, and it is stored internally by the female. [81], Nearly all octopuses are predatory; bottom-dwelling octopuses eat mainly crustaceans, polychaete worms, and other molluscs such as whelks and clams; open-ocean octopuses eat mainly prawns, fish and other cephalopods. Philip Springer was born on Riverside Drive in New York City in 1926. Many of Springer’s songs appear on the “greatest hits” albums of the recording artists of this era. When the octopus is approached, it may extend an arm to investigate. The neurological autonomy of the arms means the octopus has great difficulty learning about the detailed effects of its motions. Victor, Hugo, and Laverne are major characters in Disney's 1996 animated feature film, The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Chromatophores contain yellow, orange, red, brown, or black pigments; most species have three of these colours, while some have two or four. The order is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, and nautiloids. Strategies to defend themselves against predators include the expulsion of ink, the use of camouflage and threat displays, the ability to jet quickly through the water and hide, and even deceit. When resting, around 41% of an octopus's oxygen absorption is through the skin. [93], Octopuses are highly intelligent; the extent of their intelligence and learning capability are not well defined. The male may cling to the top or side of the female or position himself beside her. [89] This form of locomotion allows these octopuses to move quickly away from a potential predator without being recognised. åˆtv全国04:30～08:00。 閣下は06:30～07:00のスポーツコーナーにて大相撲に関するコメントで登場の予定です。 They can use navigation skills to return to a den without having to retrace their outward route. A carcass of the seven-arm octopus, Haliphron atlanticus, weighed 61 kg (134 lb) and was estimated to have had a live mass of 75 kg (165 lb). The venom appears to be able to penetrate the skin without a puncture, given prolonged contact. [55], Attached to the brain are two special organs called statocysts (sac-like structures containing a mineralised mass and sensitive hairs), that allow the octopus to sense the orientation of its body. This claim was widely disbelieved until the 19th century. [14] The New Oxford American Dictionary (3rd Edition, 2010) lists "octopuses" as the only acceptable pluralisation, and indicates that "octopodes" is still occasionally used, but that "octopi" is incorrect. Octopus lifespan is limited by reproduction: males can live for only a few months after mating, and females die shortly after their eggs hatch. Other colour-changing cells are reflective iridophores and white leucophores. Octopus arms do not become tangled or stuck to each other because the sensors recognise octopus skin and prevent self-attachment. The systemic heart is inactive when the animal is swimming and thus it tires quickly and prefers to crawl. They are eaten and considered a delicacy by humans in many parts of the world, especially the Mediterranean and the Asian seas. When swimming, the head is at the front and the siphon is pointed backwards, but when jetting, the visceral hump leads, the siphon points towards the head and the arms trail behind, with the animal presenting a fusiform appearance. Two spermatophores are transferred in this way; these are about one metre (yard) long, and the empty ends may protrude from the female's mantle. [148] The biologist P. Z. Myers noted in his science blog, Pharyngula, that octopuses appear in "extraordinary" graphic illustrations involving women, tentacles, and bare breasts. part of "Cirromorphida" (Cirroteuthidae, Stauroteuthidae), part of "Argonautoidea" (Argonautidae, Ocythoidae), part of "Argonautoidea" (Tremoctopodidae, Alloposidae), part of "Cirromorphida" (Opisthoteuthidae, Cirroctopodidae), Octopuses and other coleoid cephalopods are capable of greater RNA editing (which involves changes to the nucleic acid sequence of the primary transcript of RNA molecules) than any other organisms. [123], Cephalopods have existed for 500 million years and octopus ancestors were in the Carboniferous seas 300 million years ago. All octopuses are venomous, but only the blue-ringed octopuses are known to be deadly to humans. To do this they use specialised skin cells which change the appearance of the skin by adjusting its colour, opacity, or reflectivity. )-2004 | Encyclopedia.com", "Bill Bell: The man behind the music, making history", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Springer&oldid=1012373950, Lawrence High School (Cedarhurst, New York) alumni, University of California, Los Angeles alumni, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, How Little it Matters, How Little We Know -, Don’t Twist with Anyone Else But Me – in the feature film “. This decreases to 33% when it swims, as more water flows over the gills; skin oxygen uptake also increases. In 1999, Springer's daughter, Tamar, produced her favorite of her father’s works, “The Bells of Notre Dame,” a musical-in-concert based on the famous Victor Hugo novel. Ascot has led the tributes to Prince Philip from the sporting world after the Duke of Edinburgh, the husband of the Queen, passed away at the age of 99 on Friday. Blue-ringed octopus have tetrodotoxin", "A Review of Octopus Fisheries Biology and British Columbia Octopus Fisheries", "The status of octopus fisheries in the Western Indian Ocean", "Macho foodies in New York develop a taste for notoriety", "Biologists Search for New Model Organisms", "Octopuses Are 'the Closest We Will Come to Meeting an Intelligent Alien, "Octopus slips out of aquarium tank, crawls across floor, escapes down pipe to ocean", "The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (Amendment) Order 1993", "The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 Amendment Regulations 2012", "Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council", "Octopus-Inspired Robots Can Grasp, Crawl, and Swim", "This robotic octopus tentacle isn't creepy at all", "Studying the creativity and intelligence of the octopus", "Untangling the Mysteries of the Octopus", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octopus&oldid=1016762799, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 April 2021, at 22:48.