In contrast to the scale scores, the scores from the six semi-open questions did not differ directly between patients and controls with sufficient effect sizes, e.g. 2009, 8 (9): 1-21. The correlational pattern between the AIDA scales and subscales, sharing the same higher order construct, reflected a valid internal structure in terms of construct validity. volume 6, Article number: 27 (2012) Thus, Cloninger’s model is ideally suited for investigating PD-related issues [59–62]. 2008, Hut: Verlag Dr. Jackson D: A sequential system for personality scale development. So we tried to keep out all mixed or unclear contents and targeted directly either “Continuity – stabilizing roles vs. lack of social roots” or “Coherence – autonomy vs. suggestibility” in our test construction. CAS  Following this, all AIDA items were reviewed in detail between the authors, introducing different approaches and expertises, to obtain final consensus agreement. patients did not state less hobbies or peer group affiliations than the students, but some of the evaluative variables derived from the open answers did. Cookies policy. 2011, 25 (4): 528-541. Content validity was analyzed by comparing the AIDA results between psychiatric patients with personality disorders (with assumed high amounts of identity diffusion) and healthy controls from the school sample by t-tests. per primary scale and two marker items per subscale. J Pers Soc Psychol. The mean age of the sample was 15.00 years (SD 2.01), age range was 12 to 18 years. PubMed Central  All remaining items matched the major selection criteria. 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.02196.x. 2011, 23: 305-313. Differentiating normal and abnormal personality. © Die gezeigten Marken sind durch ihre Besitzer geschützt, © All right Reserved. Ich erkläre, dass ich gemäß den in dem Staat, zu dem der Dienstleister gehört, geltenden Gesetzen volljährig bin. Distinct relationships between subconstructs of identity development and different diagnoses will be of continued interest. Overall, identity diffusion is a core element of the “borderline personality organization” [21] and is viewed as the basis for subsequent personality pathology, leading to a broad spectrum of maladaptive and dysfunctional behaviors [14]. Adoleszenzpsychiatrie – Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Adoleszenz und des jungen Erwachsenenalters. 1970, New York, NY: Academic Press, 61-96. Marseille - Angers en direct Livesley WJ, Jang KL: Differentiating normal, abnormal, and disordered personality. Both AIDA scales were significantly different between PD-patients and controls with remarkable effect sizes (d) of 2.17 and 1.94 standard deviations. Thomas Mangani est remplacé par Mathias Pereira Lage, pour ces dix dernières minutes, au milieu du terrain. Additionally, Seiffge-Krenke [16] emphasizes the significant changes in adolescence, not only by the need to develop entirely new self-images and roles (e.g. One of our major aims was a source-oriented conceptualization of the construct regarding psychological, social or functional constituents to overcome shortcomings of previous instruments that are mostly based on a phenotypical structure and limited in their focus either on healthy or on disturbed identity development. With this, we are uniting the “hybrid nature” of the construct (being both intrapsychic and interpersonal, [1]), the studies related to developmental identity formation (distinct aspects commitment and exploration) [12], and concepts of identity-related reflective functioning and mental representations according to Fonagy [15, 47] in an elaborated way. In contrast, Stern (1985 in [6]) postulated four components of self: “self-agency” (sense of authorship) and “self-coherence” (sense of non-fragmented, physical whole with boundaries) as well as “self-affectivity” (experiencing inner qualities of feeling) and "self-history" (,,going on being'', the possibility to change while remaining the same). high “Incoherence”) is associated with being contradictory or ambivalent, suggestible and over-matching, and having poor access to cognitions and motives, accompanied by superficial and diffuse mental representations. The correlations with the temperament scales were in line with theory, only low toward positive (.03 – .12) with the temperament factor Novelty Seeking / behavioral activation, moderate (mostly < .30) and toward negative with Reward Dependence / social responsiveness (−.01 – -.30) and Persistence (−.08 – -.38) and, displaying the joint relation to psychopathology, substantial positive correlations between identity development (Discontinuity and Incoherence) and Harm Avoidance / behavioral inhibition (.33 – .60) occurred. Concerning the additional selection criteria in the subsamples, only one item (item 40: “I usually have typical ‘on again – off again’ relationships”) showed a remarkably decreased item-total correlation with rit = .09 in the “younger” and rit = .08 in the “male” subsample as a sign of age and gender specifity, while showing sufficient coefficients (.41 in the “older”, .46 in the “females”) in the other subsamples. The patients showed a variety of psychiatric problems, N = 20 with diagnoses of personality disorders (N = 18 type “emotional-unstable”), N = 12 with affective disorders (anxiety, depression), N = 7 with attention and conduct disorders and N = 13 showing high comorbidity. 2007, 21 (2): 199-224. With internal consistencies of α = .94 for the total score Diffusion, α = .86 for Discontinuity, α = .92 for Incoherence, and a range of α = .73 – .86 for the subscales, AIDA meets the criteria for very good to excellent reliability psychometrically. Svrakic DM, Draganic S, Hill K, Bayon C, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR: Temperament, character, and personality disorders: etiologic, diagnostic, treatment issues. In contrast, we expected only minor correlations with the other temperament factors, seen as closer related to style of behavior than to an impaired personality functioning. Retrouvez toutes les informations du match entre Marseille et Angers! On the one hand, the adoption of and identification with social roles, such as in the family, sexual roles, and cultural roles, is stabilizing identity in a very positive way, fully corresponding with Samuel and Akhtars´ components of identity and in our model assigned to the area Continuity. Biol Psychiatry. Article  Scale reliabilities, as a sign of internal construct validity, were evaluated by Cronbach’s α and were supposed to exceed .80 at total scale level, .70 at scale level, and .60 at subscale level as appropriate for heterogeneous contents, while homogeneity coefficients α > .80 would be very good and > .90 excellent [71, 72]. Annals of General Psychiatry. Her emphasis in adolescence was on the need to differentiate those with normal identity crisis from those with identity diffusion and to intervene directly during this developmental period. In this sense, and in continuing the work of Paulina Kernberg, the psychotherapeutic approach TFP-A (Transference Focused Psychotherapy - Adolescent Identity Treatment, AIT) [4, 41] was developed to treat adolescents with identity diffusion in order to help them to improve identity integration and hence increase adaptive functioning and behavior by improving their relationships with friends, parents, and teachers, acquiring positive self-esteem, clarifying life goals and be better prepared for entering love relationships [18, 42]. Bull Menninger Clin. The medium effect size is large enough to warrant continued separation of gender at this stage of instrument development, until further data from the studies currently underway is analyzed. Elles seront également utilisées sous réserve des options souscrites, à des fins de ciblage publicitaire. 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00111.x. Additionally, test-retest reliability was not measured and should be examined in further studies. Le SCO reste sur une excellente série de 5 victoires consécutives, dont 4 en championnat, et 6 matchs sans défaite. Tweets de @AlexBoeroOff !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)? Additionally, six semi-open questions about own and best friends´ hobbies or interests (e.g. We used the two well-established semi-structured diagnostic interviews SCID-II[69] and K-DIPS[70]. Faut de mieux, Marseille prend un point et en conserve cinq d'avance sur Rennes, troisième du classement. Edited by: D Bois R, Resch F. 2005, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 55-64. The scale structure and its subdivision reflects the theory-based “genotype” of the complex construct “Identity Integration vs. Behav Ther. On continue notre chemin, on ne perd pas. 34.7% of the patients gave answers that made “quite appropriate” sense, 26.5% gave responses that were “middle appropriate”, and 14.3% of the patients gave responses that were “quite freestyle” (e.g. In reference to Meeus [13], we divided the sample by age into early-to-middle (12–14 years) and middle-to-late adolescence (15–18 years). Schmeck K, Schlüter-Müller S: Persönlichkeitsstörungen im Jugendalter. too complicated). Impairments in self functioning are reflected in dimensions of identity and self-direction. But, contrary to our assumptions, only very low correlations with the character scale Cooperativeness (.03 – -.27) occurred. Verheul R, Andrea H, Berghout C, Dolan C, Vanderkroft P, Busschbach J, Bateman A, Fonagy P: Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP-118): Development, Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity. On va se contenter de ça ce soir. Identity Diffusion”. Table 1 shows the means and standard deviations of the AIDA scores in the subsamples to test for systematic gender and age effects using t-test, calculation of significance p and effect size d. The score differences between girls and boys were all significant except one (subscale 1.1 with p = .02) but no effect size exceeds the criteria of d > 0.80 to denote a meaningful difference. Mercredi soir, le PSG va affronter Nantes au Parc. Score Marseille - Angers The construct “Continuity” represents the vital experience of “I” and subjective emotional self-sameness with an inner stable time line. By dividing the two areas of personality “temperament” from “character” it combines person-centered aspects of general vulnerability and environment-centered aspects of dysfunctional influences and allows the evaluation of an individual’s current maturity in terms of impaired personality functioning. Due to the construction we expected a high total congruence, as the scales were not optimized towards statistical independence but towards a joint representation of a complex construct, following basic psychosocial- and pathology-related qualities, which are usually not matching phenotypic correlational patterns. 0 | 0 Kinderpsychiat. Rongier cadre la première tentative du match après l'heure de jeu mais la frappe de l’ancien joueur nantais est captée sans difficulté par Butelle. Therefore, identity aids in self-reflective functioning, autonomy, effective social exchanges and provides predictability and continuity of functioning within a person, across situations, and across time [5]. 10.2466/pms.1973.36.2.551. This can be viewed as a basic requirement for the formation of an experience of identity. A remarkable result are the low correlations (.03 -.12) of all identity scales with the temperament factor Novelty Seeking that (in part) represents impulsive behaviour. Seiffge-Krenke I, Weyers B: Coping Trajectories from Adolescence to young Adulthood: Links to Attachment State of Mind. 2005, 19 (3): 315-338. Therefore, the reliable, valid, and age-appropriate assessment of identity will be of high interest. 10.1026/0942-5403.17.3.190. Sex Roles. PubMed  Thus, studies addressing the sources of behavior or personality disorders as well as studies comparing identity development in different countries or adolescent subsamples remains of high interest. biological markers of personality disorders). 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_1. Compos, heure, diffusion… Les infos pratiques de Stade Brestois – Olympique de Marseille. discrimination between psychiatric categories or between other functional-based or biology-based genotypes. Assessment of identity development and identity diffusion in adolescence - Theoretical basis and psychometric properties of the self-report questionnaire AIDA. ", Ludovic Butelle, le gardien du SCO, était satisfait, au micro de Canal+, après ce match nul obtenu à Marseille (0-0): "Pour nous, prendre un point ici c'est bien. 10.1017/S0954579410000817. Google Scholar. For conceptual clarification and a broad capturing of normal as well as disturbed development of identity, the scale construction process for AIDA integrated the concordant approaches from psychoanalytic and social-cognitive psychology (see above) and, additionally, the constructs, subconstructs, and items modeled by existing inventories for assessing identity had been analyzed carefully and integrated in a re-assembled way. 1996, 3 (5): 254-267. Within these two domains, we additionally subdivided each into three different sub-domains, each reflecting the different areas of psychosocial functioning: self-related, social-related, and ability/reflection-related (see Figure 1). Chaîne Suppiger A, In‒Albon T, Hendriksen S, Hermann E, Margraf J, Schneider S: Acceptance of structured diagnostic interviews for mental disorders in clinical practice and research settings. Cela faisait quelques temps qu'on avait pas accroché une grosse équipe. 2007, Hogrefe & Huber. On the item level, potential gender differences were analyzed by unidimensional ANOVAs to test for inherent item bias that would lead to item rejection and, thus, ensure items are gender neutral. Raatz U: Better Theory for Better Tests?. Prior to the assessment the study was explained to the students and written consent from the parents, that had been handed out one week before, was collected as a requirement for participation. Table 2 shows the intercorrelations of the AIDA scales and subscales. 1995, Berlin: Springer, 2. 2007, 68: 297-306. OM match chaine. The facet level presented in Figure 1 is not supposed to be used independently (i.e. La rencontre est diffusée sur Canal+ en intégralité à 20h45. Sans surprise, l'OM a peiné à se montrer dangereux face à un bloc très bas et très bien en place pendant 90 minutes. Following this approach, the development of an adapted version for adolescents of the interview STIPO[46] is currently in progress by an Italian research-group. 2006, 20: 247-260. Cloninger CR: The Temperament and Character Inventory—Revised. Studies for further validation and for obtaining population norms are in progress and may provide insight in the relevant aspects of identity development in differentiating specific psychopathology and therapeutic focus and outcome. 10.1521/pedi.2011.25.4.528. Un match qui sera suivi de la belle affiche OL-LOSC entre deux équipes jouant la Ligue des champions et qui ont gagné ce week-end. 2002, New York: Other Press. Le schéma reste le même en seconde période, avec Anger qui attend patiemment une opportunité en contre. Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM: Differentiating normal and deviant personality by the seven-factor personality model. Item analyses and selection was based on the criteria: percentage of symptomatic answers (5-95%), effect size f of gender- or age-related item bias < .40, mean item-total correlation rit > .30, and potentially improving scale reliability Cronbach’s α by item rejection while avoiding trivial redundancy as well as keeping a broad balance of scale content. Nevertheless, the high correlations (greater than .70) between six of the subscales and especially between the primary scales (.76) are speaking for the adequateness to calculate a meaningful total score for “Identity Integration vs. Diffusion” as well. Dev Psychopathol. 2008, 33 (1): 37-60. high “Discontinuity”) is associated with a missing self-related perspective, no feeling of belonging and affiliation, and a lack of access to emotional levels of reality and trust in the durability of positive emotions. According to Kernberg, identity diffusion is one of the core elements of borderline personality organization. Google Scholar. Associated approaches strengthen the necessity of a cognitive elaboration of commitments to constitute identity achievement, which is linked to a healthy development [13, 14]. 2010, 2010 (33): 683-698. Google Scholar. Am J Psychoanal. Analyzing the frequency of T-scores below average (< 40) for the two central JTCI 12–18 R character scales, speaking for a high risk of current psychiatric problems, we found 18,1% for Self Directedness and 19,5% for Cooperativeness in this category in the school sample, matching the expected 15–20% of persons showing problems with self-related functionality and social-related adaptability in a typical population sample. like sub-subscales) but is defined to facilitate conceptual clarity and to ease stringent scale and item construction. Au classement, l'OM conserve donc cinq points d'avance sur le Stade Rennais et dix sur Nantes, quatrième, qui compte un match de moins. The mean rit was built of the results referring to the subscale, the total scale, and the subscale in the clinical subgroup. Kroger J: Gender and identity: the intersection of structure, content, and context. Thus, identity can be divided into the two higher order domains “subjective self” (focussing on continuity, “stable core”, emotional access) and “definitory self” (focussing on coherence, “integrated whole”, cognitive access). Data of the total sample demonstrated a sufficient normal distribution of the scores with skewness and kurtosis displayed values around |1|. Score Eating Disorders or Conduct Disorders and to analyze systematic differences in AIDA results between them. To the contrary, for clinical evaluation these contents should be assessed, but within a personal therapeutic relationship. AIDA showed excellent total score (Diffusion: α = .94), scale (Discontinuity: α = .86; Incoherence: α = .92) and subscale (α = .73-.86) reliabilities. In the final step, t-tests on scale level regarding plain score differences between the groups were analyzed and can be interpreted as valid “developmental” group differences, as the other potential influences by age and gender on the results had been excluded empirically in the first and second step of analyses. 2005, 19: 257-268. Chanen AM, Jovev M, Jackson HJ: Adaptive functioning and psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. This current study examines the psychometric properties of the questionnaire AIDA. Resch F, Freyberger H: Struktur und Identität. Poreh AM, Rawlings D, Claridge G, Freeman JL, Faulkner C, Shelton C: The BPQ: A scale for the assessment of borderline personality based on DSM-IV criteria. From the abovementioned theoretical descriptions about identity development, two domains could clearly be distinguished in line with the constructs´ dichotomy in social-cognitive psychology as well as in the psychopathology-oriented psychodynamic descriptions: a basic distinction between “Continuity” and “Coherence”, serving as a well elaborated theoretical framework to find a meaningful and distinct substructure of the higher order construct “identity integration vs. identity diffusion”. Score differences had been examined not only concerning significance (1% level) but concerning effect size d, conservatively calculated by (AM1-AM2) / ((SD1 + SD2)/2) [73] and were supposed to reach a high amount (>.80) to avoid over-interpretation and artificial establishing of developmental differences. At present, six specific personality disorder types (antisocial, schizotypal, borderline, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, avoidant) should be evaluated according to a set of criteria based on core impairments in personality functioning and pathological personality traits from two different domains: self functioning (dysfunctionality) and interpersonal (social maladaptivity). Poreh established a DSM-IV criteria based questionnaire (BPQ) to assess borderline personality in adults with nine subscales: Impulsiveness, Affective Instability, Abandonment, Relationship, Self-Image, Suicide/Self-Mutilation, Emptiness, Intense Anger, and Quasi-Psychotic States, all contributing empirically to a joint borderline factor called “Identity/Interpersonal” [24, 25]. Google Scholar. Similarly “stabilizing relationships and roles” (1.2) and “no over-identification / autonomy” (2.2) only correlated to r = .46. Identity Diffusion” in terms of the assumed psychological, social and functional constituents and should be seen as a summary of all relevant subconstructs. Miller AL, Muehlenkamp JJ, Jacobson CM: Fact or fiction: Diagnosing borderline personality disorder in adolescents. role-absorption and over-identification in Westen’s concept and described as not having own opinions, goals, and self-esteem, being defined by others, which is in our model clearly assigned to the area Coherence. 1959, New York: W. W. Norton, 42-92. To a great extent, we could integrate the central operationalizations of identity diffusion (ID) by O. Kernberg (capacity to invest, continuity over time, representation of others, superficiality, loneliness, self-coherent opinions and self esteem) [21] and Westen (lack of commitment, role absorption, over-identification, painful ambivalence, inconsistency) [22] into the described higher-order structure. Pierrick Capelle (SCO) avait répondu dans les toutes dernières secondes au but inscrit par Florian Thauvin (OM) peu après l’heure de jeu. Handanweisung. Taskforce OPD: Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis OPD-2: Manual of Diagnosis and Treatment Planning. Psychol Assess. These variables focus on contents that are difficult to catch with classical items, on the one hand covering the AIDA facets “superficiality vs. differentiated descriptions / representations” and “over-identification”, on the other hand integrating two new subconstructs “self-stigmatizing” (following Westen [22]) and “compliance vs. defiant attitude”. 1997, Berlin: Springer, 2, Lienert GA, Raatz U: Testaufbau und Testanalyse. 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The subscales “stable relationships and roles” (d = 2.27) and “consistent self concepts” (d = 2.56) differed the most (comparable to an IQ difference of 85 to 122.5), while the subscale “autonomy vs. over-identification” differed (though above criteria) the least (d = 1.04) between adolescents with and without PD. 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008. Akhtar S, Samuel S: The identity consolidation inventory (ICI): Development and application of a questionnaire for assessing the structuralization of individual identity. Resch F: Zur Entwicklung von Identität. We focused on the items´ conceptual distinctness and each definite relation to pathological or healthy identity development as well as on their true potential to be answered correctly by adolescents concerning effects like social desirability, gender-related bias and conscious accessibility of the content (e.g. Derrière, c'était compliqué pour nous de trouver les filets.